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MKUltra was a secret project of Research and Development (R&D) at Harvard University. One of its primary developers was Harvard director Henry Murray.[11]

Frank Olson[]

The death of Frank Olson on November 28, 1953 in Manhattan, became a major lead for investigators to become aware of MKUltra.[12][13] Frank Olson was a civilian bacteriologist for the United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (USBWL) who worked at Camp Detrick. The installation established the top secret U.S. bioweapons program in 1943.[14] Frank Olson worked with Pediatrician Harold Abramson in research experiments with aerosolized anthrax.[15] Abramson was an early advocate of therapeutic LSD.[16]

In May 1952, Frank Olson was appointed to the committee for Project Artichoke, an experimental US interrogation program.[17][18]

According to investigative journalist Gordon Thomas, British psychiatrist William Sargant stated that Frank Olson had become a security threat and his access to military facilities should be limited.[14] The Rockefeller Commission report in 1975,[19] indicated that Frank Olson had been dosed with LSD, without his knowledge, nine days before his death.[20][13]

In 1975, it was revealed to the public for the first time that unethical experiments were being conducted on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects[21] as part of an extensive program known as MKUltra. The limited details of the program was contained in a report prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963. In a prepared Statement by Admiral Stansfield Turner, the program's agenda was to find out how to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline, and other chemical, biological, and psychological means.[22]

In 1994, the Olson family had Frank Olson's body exhumed to be buried with his wife. The family decided to have a second autopsy performed to implicate "wrongful death".[13] On September 28, 1994, the U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies studied thousands of human subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.[23]

Harvard University[]

Harvard University, hailed as "The Michigan of the East" by then Senator John F. Kennedy,[24] was involved in MKUltra[25] from 1948[26] to 1974.[27][28] Most MKUltra records were destroyed in 1973, so it has been difficult for investigators to gain the full scope of the more than 150 funded research sub-projects sponsored by MKUltra.[29][30]

Harvard is a private Ivy League research institution in New England, USA.[31] Abroad, Harvard owns the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy[32] and the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China.[33] Villa I Tatti in Florence, opened in 1961 and is not open to the general public.[34]

Admissions to Harvard opened up to bring in more diverse groups of students between 1945 and 1960. By limiting drawings from select New England prep schools,[35] more Catholics, Jews, and other minority groups were able to be admitted.[36][37]

Henry Murray[]

Boston Psychoanalytic Society
Murray and Cobb's research helped to found the Boston Psychoanalytic Society in 1931.[8][38]

In 1927, at the age of 33, Henry Murray, assistant director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, collaborated with Stanley Cobb, Bullard Professor of Neuropathology at the Medical School, to introduce psychoanalysis into the Harvard curriculum. The agenda was influenced by the decision-making apparatus in Vienna, Austria.[8]

In 1935, Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan developed the concept of "apperception", a theory that enabled Murray to come up with the "situation test" which he used in selection processes. After becoming director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, Murray acted as a consultant for the British Government, to help set up the British War Officer Selection Board in 1938.[8] Murray's "situation test" was also used to select secret agents for the United States in 1939, after he became lieutenant colonel for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). In 1943, Lt. Murray helped complete Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler.[39][11]

In 1947, Henry Murray was introduced to project MKUltra.[40][41] The program was not Murray's invention,[42] but he helped to establish it in the United States at the Psychological Clinic Annex.[43] As chief researcher, Murray was involved with developing drugs that might be useful for mind control such as Lysergic acid diethylamide.[44] Psychologist Timothy Leary, who began research in psychedelic drugs at Harvard in 1960, said that Henry Murray supervised the program.[45] They tested mind control drugs on people, some without their knowledge.[44]

Henry Murray was responsible for unethical experiments, most notably from late 1959 to early 1962, in which he used twenty-two Harvard undergraduates as research subjects[46] being of Jewish and Polish descent.[47]

The unwitting undergraduates were submitted to "vehement, sweeping and personally abusive" attacks, specifically-tailored to assault the ego,[41] self identity. The Freudian concept, "Ego" (which comes from German "Ich") is the most central part of the mind, which mediates with one's surroundings.[48]

Ted Kaczynski[]

In 1959, Harvard psychoanalysts measured their undergrad subjects' responses to extreme stress. The minority group's cherished ideas and beliefs were challenged to the point of distress. The subjects were repeatedly made to view recorded footage of their reactions to their abuse.[41] Among them was 17-year-old Polish undergrad, Ted Kaczynski.[49]

Boy scouts, were used across the United States to recruit unwitting[41] high school students, of minority class, to Harvard. Some known scout names are "briefcase boys",[50] "Montauk boys" and "Bohemian boys". In the case of Ted Kaczynski, he was a prime candidate for Murray's Harvard program. A former classmate said: "He was never really seen as a person, as an individual personality".[51] By breaking the mind of Freudian "Ego", creates loss of self-identity; the void enables a subject to become one with a unit[52]—the essence of Henry Murray's selection process in MKUltra.[8]

Ted Kaczynski was considered a social outcast at Evergreen Park High.[50] His mother Wanda recalled Ted being a shy child who would become unresponsive if pressured into social situations.[53] One time Wanda was so worried about his social behavior that she consulted outside help, and was directed to Bruno Bettelheim,[47] an Austrian born psychologist. Wanda received a tip about Bettelheim's abusive treatment of students, and decided not to enroll her son.[54][55] Because Wanda sought psychological consultation for her son, the Polish Kaczynski family was under the radar. The "briefcase boys" were sent to watch Ted Kaczynski at Evergreen Park High.

The Foundry. Evergreen Park Community High School District 231 in Chicago was established in 1954[56] with the distinct purpose to supply candidates to their designated Ivy League institution. School district staff, among many community High Schools, were unaware of the secretive project MKUltra that they were subjected to. The "briefcase boys", notable for carrying briefcases,[50] scouted the Chicago area for young MKUltra candidates. They targeted High School Freshmen.

College Board SATs
Between the period of 1958 and 1975, students were given extended time limits to complete SAT questions. In 1959, questions on data sufficiency were introduced to the mathematics section and then replaced with quantitative comparisons in 1974.[57] In 1952, the mean math scores were generally stable in the 1950s and early 1960s. But then from 1961 to 1977, the number of SATs taken per year had doubled, impacting score statistics.[58]

The "briefcase boys" eventually befriended Ted Kaczynski during his Freshman year. They encouraged and tutored him to excel in academic courses, primarily in mathematics. They seduced him by calling him a "walking brain",[51] and got him to join the mathematics club. Eventually they encouraged him to join the biology, coin, and German clubs.[50][59] With the underhanded help of the "briefcase boys", they made Kaczynski appear to be an Advanced Placement. Advanced Placement (AP) is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board which offers college-level curricula and examinations to high school students. A pilot AP program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955–56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects with Mathematics being primary.[60]

With Kaczynski appearing to be ahead of his classmates academically, he was placed in an advanced mathematics class. Evergreen Park High was authorized to have Kaczynski skip the eleventh grade and attend summer school, so that he could graduated at the age of 15. The unprecedented measure honored him as one of the school's five National Merit finalists eligible for Harvard.[59] He entered Harvard on a false scholarship in 1958 at the age of 16.[61] Kaczynski was emotionally unprepared for what the "briefcase boys" and Evergreen Park High was setting him up for. "They packed him up and sent him to Harvard before he was ready... He didn't even have a driver's license."[51]

During his first year at Harvard, Theodore Kaczynski lived at 8 Prescott Street, which was designed to accommodate the youngest, most precocious incoming students in a small, intimate living space. For the next three years, he lived at Eliot House.[62] Kaczynski and other minority Undergrads were persuaded to participate in a psychological study led by Harvard director Henry Murray. Subjects were told they would be debating personal philosophy with fellow students, and were asked to write essays detailing their personal beliefs and aspirations. The essays were turned over to an anonymous agent, who in a later session would confront and belittle the subject – making "vehement, sweeping, and personally abusive" attacks. The agent used the content of the essays as verbal ammunition, while electrodes monitored the subject's physiological reactions. The sessions were filmed, capturing the subjects' expressions of anger and rage, and then later played back to them repeatedly.[49] The experiment lasted three years, with someone verbally abusing and humiliating Kaczynski each week.[63] Kaczynski spent 200 hours as part of the study,[64] described as a "purposely brutalizing psychological experiment".[49]

Ted Kaczynski has stated that he resented Murray and his co-workers, primarily due to the invasion of privacy he perceived due to their experiments. Kaczynski, choosing his words carefully for a statement that he was obligated to make, said that he is "quite confident that my experiences with Professor Murray had no significant effect on the course of my life".[65] Kaczynski never had experiences directly with Professor Murray.

Some five years later, Kaczynski moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. He became an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of California, about 20 minutes away from San Francisco. Kaczynski resided in the Bay Area from 1967 to 1969.[66] During that time period, the FBI was investigating five homicides in a serial killing spree by the "Zodiac Killer".[67] The Zodiac Killer was writing letters to newspapers demanding they publish his messages with the threat of continued killings if his demands were not met.[68]

Zodiac Killer

Zodiac Killer[67]

Based on the findings of Mike Rusconi, Doug Oswell and Michael Mageau, Ted Kaczynski is the "Zodiac Killer". The most compelling evidence for the connection are three points: (1) Ted Kaczynski matched the description of the Zodiac Killer's profile sketch. (2) During the Lake Berryessa attack, the Zodiac mentioned that he had escaped from Deer Lodge, Montana. Kaczynski's cabin was located just an hour's drive from the city. (3) The name "Theodore Kaczynski" fits perfectly in an undeciphered sequence of letters in one of the Zodiac letters.[69] The FBI however, is not pursuing Kaczynski for the Zodiac killings because the would be "Unabomber" had become the longest and most expensive investigation in FBI history.[70][71]

At the University of California, Kaczynski taught undergraduate courses in geometry and calculus.[72] His teaching evaluations indicated that he was not well-liked by his students: he seemed uncomfortable teaching, taught straight from the textbook, and refused to answer questions.[51] This evaluated behavior reinforces the fact that he was not as advanced in mathematics as he was assessed to be[73] Sophomore year at Evergreen Park High, only ten years prior. It also indicates that Kaczynski did not join the High School academic clubs on his own accord.[74]

Kaczynski in prison

Theodore Kaczynski in prison[75]

Ted Kaczynski was arrested April 3, 1996, in his cabin in Montana, the day after an unknown "Italian Unabomber" terrorist set off a bomb in Claut, Pordenone, Italy.[76] Kaczynski was a person of interest to the FBI, and so was the Italian Unabomber, whom the US Bureau was assisting Italian police in the surveillance of a suspect.[77] Bombings were frequently happening in Veneto, Italy, about 3 hours away from Harvard's Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy.[32]

Kaczynski is serving eight life sentences without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence, a supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.[75] Theodore Kaczynski's writings are among the most popular selections in the University of Michigan's special collections. The identity of correspondents and the names of over 400 people are to remain sealed until 2049.[78][79][80]

University of Michigan[]

University of Michigan was involved in MKUltra from 1948[81] to 1974.[82][83] Most MKUltra records were destroyed in 1973, limiting the scope of MKUltra sub-projects.[29] When Rensis Likert established ISR at Michigan and Henry Murray established PCA at Harvard in 1948, MKUltra testing and experimentation began in the education system.[84]

Rensis Likert[]

In 1947, Rensis Likert was introduced to project MKUltra at the University of Michigan.[85][41] The program was not Likert's invention.

See also[]

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